Abstract

Albert Einstein made very significant errors in formulating his thought experiments. He selected them in such a way that they confirmed his theses. They were difficult to verify, and his spatial analyses were imprecise. The most serious irregularity concerns his experiment, indicating the equivalence of gravity, based on a comparison of the operation of the elevator on Earth and in space.

1. Introduction

Throughout his life, Einstein sought to unify the foundations of physics, among other things, by applying field theory to gravity. He was fascinated by the discovery of J. C. Maxwell, who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. He devoted all his talent and time to the painstaking research of a theory in which gravity could be represented in waveform. For this purpose, he formulated abstract thought experiments. On their basis, he built an entire theoretical model of the functioning of his theory and then, for years, adapted the mathematical model to the assumptions adopted in this way. These calculations were successfully adapted to the abovementioned theory. However, Einstein incorrectly interpreted a critical thought experiment for the general theory of relativity concerning the alleged equivalence of an elevator placed in space with an elevator operating on Earth and many other assumptions. Some of them were indicated in the blog article: – Einstein’s space-time curvature does not exist. This means that general relativity is wrong, along with its mathematical foundation.

Important Earth Objects That Function Correctly Due to Their Adaptation to the Law of Universal Gravitation

The illustration below provides an overview of objects with their primary frame of reference at the center of the Earth. These objects have played a particularly important role in humanity’s history in processing existing nature and overcoming its limitations to optimally adapt their functioning to the existing gravity. For this reason, they are an important source of knowledge about how it works.

All local objects connected to the Earth’s crust or located in its circular orbits can be local inertial systems. The condition for this is that their Euclidean frames of reference are transformed from the center of the Earth so that their vertical axes coincide with the direction of gravity, as in Figure 1, axes 1-9.

Figure 1. Important Earth Objects Adapted to the Law of Universal Gravitation

Man as a Natural Gravity Sensor – (Axis 1)

As a gravitational object, a living human being has, in addition to mass, the natural ability to register gravitational forces through the nervous system and muscles, and the intellectual ability to interpret events related to it. When he is on a solid, flat surface, these systems optimally and automatically shape his Postural Pattern, which acts as a natural gravity sensor.[i] Opposite forces causing gravitational muscle tension (muscle tone) then act on the foot receptors. These forces are the force of the body’s gravity and the opposite force of the ground reaction. They activate the readiness of the muscles for intensive work over the entire body’s height.

The physical conditions for effective human functioning in terms of geometry and structure are:

• Flat Earth: The human body naturally operates on a flat surface. Although the Earth is round, the arrow of a regular spherical arc with a chord length of 1 km is only 2 centimeters.  The human body functions comfortably on such a surface. Man also has the ability to briefly adjust the geometry of his body even to a very spatially diversified terrain via his “internal gyroscope” and regulate the articulated connections in his joints.
• The hardened crust of the Earth allows the body to achieve optimal muscle tone. Human muscles lose over 70% of their efficiency without this tone in the vertical position. A person “standing” in water, where there is no effect of the ground reaction force on the feet, cannot lift even a small weight. The same happens on elastic surfaces (e.g., marshy areas), in a state of weightlessness, and during free fall in the air.

Horizontal and vertical on the globe – (Axis 2)

In ancient times, people intuitively discovered that they could determine two of the most important parameters on Earth that improved their living conditions: horizontal and vertical. They determined the horizontal surface by filling excavations with water. Its stabilized mirror was used to determine the flat surface of objects, even of considerable size. The second important tool that allowed the creation of more complex spatial systems was a vertical load suspended on a string. This is probably how the right angle was discovered. It was determined by rotating the vertical direction of gravity onto a horizontal plane around a straight line lying on this plane. These discoveries also made it possible to use the right angle on the horizontal plane and create the first inertial systems on the surface of the Earth.

Permanent substitute objects as local inertial systems on Earth – (Axis 3, 4, 5, and 6)

The discovery of the above-described methods of geometry led to the creation of the first inertial systems.. As a result, increasingly impressive buildings and engineering structures were built. Man began to change some fragments of the Earth’s terrain in such a way as to obtain optimal conditions for the functioning of the musculoskeletal system and faster regeneration of the intensively exploited organism in everyday life. This consisted of transforming, undulating, or excessively tilted terrain fragments into usable horizontal surfaces closed with wall casing and roofing. In this way, permanent substitute objects were created. Currently, these increasingly comfortable objects serve humans’ comfort and safety. Although they sometimes have many stories, thanks to their rigidity and the connection of their structure with the Earth’s crust, their stabilization on the Earth’s surface is similar to natural caves. Thanks to the flat surfaces of these structures, the muscular systems of their inhabitants are constantly in better balance, and people can use a significant part of their energy more efficiently instead of spending it on the daily effort associated with survival in difficult conditions.

The importance of the correct gravitational geometry of permanent replacement structures is evidenced by many cases when, during their use, they lost their correct vertical arrangement due to seismic movements, mining damage, or collapsing unstable soils. As a result, buildings tilt from several to even a dozen or so degrees. Then, their simple mechanical equipment, such as doors, windows, furniture locks, refrigerators, etc., cease to function correctly. A significant deviation in the level of the flat floor also disrupts the proper functioning of the nervous system and the maintenance of balance by users, threatening their safety.

Newton’s Elevator – (Axis 6)

Newton’s Elevator is based on similar principles to those on axes 3, 4, and 5 (Figure 1). Its most important features include the complete integration of the structure with the Earth’s crust, enabling continuous horizontal stabilization of the elevator floor. This allows a person to automatically and safely assume a vertical position regardless of the elevator’s elevation. There is more information about Newton’s Elevator in section 3.3.

Einstein’s Elevator – (Axis 6′)

Einstein’s Elevator is a fictional object placed in space using his thought experiment. Einstein’s elevator, transferred to space, does not have the ability to set the floor perpendicular to the direction of the lifting force, which according to the scientist replaces gravity in space, and to its reaction force coming from the mass of the passengers. Their action causes the entire system under consideration to lose equilibrium.  In such an elevator, a person also loses balance and feels threatened. It is not equivalent to a gravitational elevator designed according to Newton’s laws. As a result, the general relativity is wrong. There is more about Einstein’s elevator in section 3.3.

Moving Substitute Objects – Transformation of Gravitational Equipotential Surfaces into Near-Earth Space (Axis 7-9).

Despite his great intellectual and physical capabilities and the constant progress made to improve life, for thousands of years, man has struggled with many limitations that prevented him from recognizing and using the resources of the Earth. This was mainly due to the maladjustment of his body to efficient movement in space. These limitations were gradually overcome by creating moving substitute objects that allowed the mechanical transport of people and goods. They are designed to transfer gravitational equipotential surfaces from the Earth’s surface into space. In the times of Galileo and Newton, the only such objects were sailing ships (Figure 1, axis 9), thanks to which people could travel thousands of miles by sea and discover new riches of the Earth. To a large extent, thanks to the discoveries of these scientists, in the following centuries, the possibility of moving in space at a significant speed developed on a large scale. New moving substitute objects were created, such as trains, buses, airships, airplanes, and spaceships. They are not fully part of the Earth’s natural environment and should be used only as supplementary systems for establishing natural laws in the Universe.

3. Thought experiments — Why did Einstein need Newton’s elevator?

When creating his theories, Albert Einstein formulated their assumptions based on so-called thought experiments. The fact that these were his only experiments is not the most important thing. The way they were formulated and used was more important. Einstein adapted the experiments to the content of his work, placing observers in them so that it was usually impossible to verify the correctness of their observations. He also did not consider whether their visual perception was correct. On the contrary, if necessary, he limited their field of vision so that they would “see the correct results.” Such research seems incomprehensible. In many fields of science besides physics, researchers sometimes conduct hundreds or even thousands of painstaking studies and use sophisticated cognitive techniques to discover scientific truth.

3.1 Experiment with two trains at a railway station

The experiment involved a passenger observing another train standing at the station through his carriage window. When one of them moves, the passenger cannot distinguish which one is stationary and which one is moving. This is one such experiment operating on the principle of illusion. It only works when the passenger has a limited field of vision and sees only the carriages of the second train. However, if there were any objects between the trains (e.g., a pole) if the passenger was sitting close to the window or was very tall and could see the platform floor between the trains, he would correctly read the order of train movement. This experiment cannot be considered to be correct.

3.2 The Lightning Train Experiment

This experiment involved two lightning bolts striking simultaneously—one from the front and the other from the rear of a moving train. According to Einstein, an observer on the platform halfway along the train (A) simultaneously sees two flashes of light. A second observer riding in the middle of the train (B) sees the flash from the front of the train first and only then the flash fro

Figure 2. Experiment — Train with Two Lightning Bolts

Albert Einstein staged this experiment for his theory by placing the observer in a “cage” that limited their field of view. Although this limitation may not prevent the observer from seeing both flashes simultaneously in the real world, it is worth taking a closer look. Usually, the condition for successful observation of such events is the ability to observe them from the proper distance, providing the correct angle of view, and without visual barriers limiting the view. Figure 2 shows the same experiment in a situation where the view of the train is shown from above rather than from the side, as in the original version. It shows an additional observer (C) placed in the mirror image of the observer (A) in relation to the track axis. There is, therefore, no doubt that both see the lightning event at the same time. Observer (B) will also see the event simultaneously as A and C. If a drone with a camera with the appropriate angle of view is used If a drone with a camera with the right angle of view is used, hovering over the center of the moving train along the axis of the railway track and with its speed synchronized with the train, all observers will use the same time axis at the moment of the two lightning strikes. In this experiment, if many observers are present, they will see the presented event simultaneously. They only need to be provided with the right conditions for observing the event.

Similarly, one can verify Einstein’s other thought experiment with a ladder and a barn by placing a monitoring system in it that records events at both barn doors simultaneously. It would show conclusively that a ladder longer than the width of the barn cannot fit between its closed doors, even though Einstein established this using the Lorentz length contraction formulas.

3.3 The Elevator Experiment — General Relativity is Wrong

This experiment played the most crucial role in Einstein’s adoption of the equivalence principle for gravity. However, its author made many mistakes in its formulation. In particular, he did not familiarize himself with the gravitational conditions that engineers had to consider when designing an elevator closely linked to the Earth’s crust and what would change in the impact of forces on such an elevator once it was transferred to space.

Albert Einstein surprised the world of science with many strange paradoxes in the form of his thought experiments, and the one with the elevator seemed very real to almost everyone. He used an elevator designed and operated according to Newton’s laws. More precisely, he used a stereotype of thought regarding the functioning of such an elevator, which has taken root in the consciousness of the inhabitants of our planet. Newton’s elevator is closely integrated with the Earth’s crust (Axis 6, Figure 1). Its engineering solutions are rigorously adapted to the gravity conditions prevailing on Earth. Thanks to this, a person can move safely in it while standing. Unlike Newton, Einstein had no part in the creation of modern elevators. Einstein’s use of this object is unfortunate because it was with the help of this experiment that he questioned Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.

Newton’s elevator. Does Newton’s elevator exist? Definitely, yes. Although the first modern elevators with a mechanical drive were created about 150 years after the scientist’s death, all of them were constructed based on the Law of Universal Gravitation and the Third Law of Dynamics. Such an elevator’s most important technical assumptions include absolute stabilization of the elevator floor in a horizontal position throughout its entire operating cycle. This is achieved by connecting the elevator housing with the Earth’s crust and using guides precisely calibrated with the direction of gravity attached to the housing. Despite such stabilization, additional mechanisms are required to cushion the movement of the elevator, and safety systems throughout the entire height of the ascent. A person achieves gravitational body balance in it.

Einstein’s elevator. This elevator is lifted in space by a rope pulled by a giant at a speed equal to the acceleration of gravity on Earth. In such a situation, according to the scientist, the sensations of the passenger (passengers) are allegedly no different from those experienced when the elevator is on the surface of the Earth. Below is a summary of how Einstein imagined this experiment:

In Einstein’s little book Relativity: the Special and the General Theory, he introduces general relativity with a parable. He imagines going into deep space, far away from gravitational fields, where anybody moving at a steady speed in a straight line will continue in that state for a very long time. He imagines building a space station out there—in his words, “a spacious chest resembling a room with an observer inside who is equipped with apparatus.” Einstein points out that there will be no gravity, and the observer will tend to float inside the room. Now, a rope is attached to a hook in the middle of the lid of this “chest,” and an unspecified “being” pulls on the rope with a constant force. The chest and its contents, including the observer, accelerate “upwards” constantly. How does all this look to the man in the room? He moves towards what is now the “floor” and needs to use his leg muscles to stand. If he releases anything, it accelerates towards the floor, and all bodies accelerate at the same rate. If he were a normal human being, he would assume the room to be in a gravitational field and might wonder why it did not fall. Then he would discover the hook and rope, and conclude that the rope suspended the room. Einstein asks: should we smile at this misguided soul? His answer is no—the observer in the chest’s point of view is just as valid as an outsider’s. In other words, being inside the (from an outside perspective) uniformly accelerating room is physically equivalent to being in a uniform gravitational field. This is the fundamental postulate of general relativity [i].

Figure 3 Newton’s Elevator                    

Figure 4 Einstein’s Elevator on Earth                   

Figure 5 Einstein’s Elevator in Space

To analyze this thought experiment by Albert Einstein, one must accept everything that is unrealistic or impossible in it. Figure 4 shows Einstein’s elevator located on Earth. The elevator set up in this way provides passengers with gravitational balance of the body. They can assume a free-standing position and their nervous system does not experience any discomfort. Einstein believed he could transfer such a system into space, and it would not cause any noticeable changes for the passenger. The fact that this is impossible is evidenced by the diagram in Figure 5, in which the force is lifting the elevator (F). The reaction force (R) from the mass of the passengers causes a torque (M) at point (X), causing the cabin to tilt and the passengers’ rapid movement to one of its side walls or, rather, to one of its corners. Figures 4 and 5 concern four passengers, not one as in Einstein’s original experiment, because it is more realistic. An experiment concerning one passenger would have produced the same effect: tilting the elevator cabin and losing his balance. After all, a person is not an axially shaped block fixed rigidly in the middle of the elevator floor. In reality, such a system is completely deprived of the possibility of stabilizing the cabin and maintaining the correct (perpendicular) position of the floor in relation to the direction of lifting, which is a condition for adopting a standing position by passengers. Newton’s Elevator (Figure 3) is completely different. Whether one passenger or ten load the floor eccentrically, it is always in a horizontal position. The cabin’s stabilization is ensured by its casing adapted to the acting forces of gravity and guides attached to it (1 – Figure 3). However, Einstein’s elevator, regardless of whether it is lifted in space or in airspace right next to Newton’s elevator, loses its inertial reference frame.

Einstein’s Elevator accelerating in space is not equivalent to an elevator integrated with the Earth’s crust (Figure 4). This thought experiment contradicts the equivalence principle for gravity derived from it and implies that general relativity is wrong.

4. Conclusions

In formulating the general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein made the following errors:

• He calculatedly adapted thought experiments to the content of his work. He arranged them so that the observers placed in them confirmed his theses. In his experiments, he largely omitted the analysis of the spatial and technical conditions of the objects under consideration, which led him to incorrectly interpret some of them and to accept faulty conclusions.
• He incorrectly formulated the elevator thought experiment, which is fundamental to the gravitational equivalence principle.

The irregularities in Einstein’s work indicate that the principle of equivalence for gravity is false and that general relativity is wrong.

[i] Marian Jodlowski, Fix Your Back Like an Architect, Amazon 2022, Human Gravitational Postural Patterns. 96-102

[i] Michael Fowler, University of Virginia, Remarks on General Relativity https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/general_relativity.html